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so 15 years of humans living on board

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the international space station a lot

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has happened not only just building the

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station but of course to its true

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purpose scientific research i'm joined

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here today by dr tara rudley an

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associate program scientist with the

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international space station program to

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talk about it a little bit more now tara

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just first off thanks so much for

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joining me here today i really

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appreciate it and i mean 15 years that's

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that seems like such a long time but i

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mean even in the scientific world it's

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not always necessarily that long is it

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no it's not you know i was a baby when i

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came to work here in 2001 at nasa so we

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were just getting started with the space

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station and it's been really fun to see

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all the types of science come across

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over these 15 years and it is standard

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for science yeah so back in the year

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2000 the first crew got on board three

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crew members a much smaller station back

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then but it was already equipped to

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start doing research what were some of

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the things they were doing you know 15

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years ago yeah the most important things

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are the things that we care about most

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and that is really observing the earth

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they got started right away with that

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and doing lots of studies on the human

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body how the body responds to space

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flight and those are the two things that

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are most close to us in fact a lot of

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people don't know the first publication

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research publication result came from

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crew earth observation on the space

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station so there you go trivia cool and

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so i mean there

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we've had over 1700 experiments you know

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and counting in the 15 years since give

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give everybody down here just kind of a

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sense of how much can actually be going

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on on board the station just on any

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given day on any given day they'll have

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a full day's worth of science it's i

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mean it's their job they're doing this

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all the time when they're not sleeping

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or or maintaining the vehicle but a lot

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of people don't know that in a six month

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period of time our crew members can be

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doing about 200 to 250 investigations

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representing hundreds of scientists

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around the world so those those crew up

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there are doing lots and lots of good

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things for us okay and one of the things

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so one of our favorite phrases is off

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the earth for the earth and

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that kind of came from one of the big

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reasons that we're doing all the science

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and one of the big benefits that we're

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getting out of all this science explain

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that for me yeah i mean

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there are things you know if you think

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about science and space there's lots

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that happen physically that allows

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microgravity to uh to unmask some of the

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effects that we see in normal processes

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here on earth so it's really a unique

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opportunity to study fluid behavior

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changes in the human body

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the way fire behaves combustion

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lots of lots of different things and so

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that we take advantage of that unique

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laboratory that you can't get here on

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earth and we do those experiments and we

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do them not just to benefit those who of

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us who want to go further and explore

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space but really we get a lot back here

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that we can use on earth a lot of new

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knowledge that we can use to apply

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changes to the way we maybe design

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medicines or or materials and things

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that affect our everyday lives okay you

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touched on some of them so let's you

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know let's dive right in let's kind of

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go through the list so 15 years what are

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what are some of the areas that we've

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really been exploring some of the things

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that have come out of that i think one

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of the neatest new areas uh to come out

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of space station use that benefits earth

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are enabling the the commercial industry

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to access space so we're looking at now

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entire companies whose business is space

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they send investigations to the to the

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space station they provide access for

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other companies and they just um you

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know enable the commercialization of the

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space station which opens up research to

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everyone and that's through the national

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laboratory effort okay and what else

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going on another one um that we really

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like is the uh the water purification

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efforts space station you know you've

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got to keep your astronauts fed and give

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them water clean water to drink and some

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of the efforts that came from building

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the system for space station clean water

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have been now applied commercially and

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used all around the world in areas that

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can take

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water that's from rivers and lakes and

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pass it through this system that is now

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gravity fed ironically requires no power

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and these guys can get clean water it's

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protein crystal growth is another really

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interesting use of microgravity because

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in space you can allow

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these crystals these delicate crystals

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to grow nice and large and why do we

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care about growing crystals because lots

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of proteins in your body

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we don't understand how they work and if

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we can grow them up in crystal

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structures really nice unique shape we

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can get

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better benefits about you know how to

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make better medicines and how to attach

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these proteins and so our japanese

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colleagues actually were successful at

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sending protein crystals up into space

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growing up a particular protein that's

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involved in the progression of duchenne

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muscular dystrophy finding out things

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they hadn't seen before here on earth

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and were able to make more potent forms

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of the treatment of

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muscular dystrophy it's in trials right

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now yeah

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the um ultrasound you know not not a lot

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of astronauts that go to space station

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are actually medical doctors so there's

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they're going to need to know how to

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treat themselves in the case of

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emergency so we've had ultrasound

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techniques that have been designed to

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train our astronauts and telecommunicate

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with them

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in medicine in space that have now been

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actually applied to here on earth and

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it's it's new techniques software

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programs that allow doctors maybe here

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in the u.s to treat patients across the

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globe in areas that don't have access to

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highly sophisticated imagery

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studios

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improved eye surgery with spaceflight

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hardware there was investigation that

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was looking at eye tracking in space

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what about this for space flight what's

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different with our bodies in space

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flight and so new hardware that was

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designed to really watch how the eyes

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move and that affects balances and

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frames of references

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was actually as it turns out could be

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applied to here on the ground and it was

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it was taken and applied to commercial

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use and it helps surgeons now

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who are treating who are performing eye

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surgery track the eye movements track

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the laser of the surgery during

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during the surgery

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the robotic arms um that you know the

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the space flight arms the canada arm

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that we see on station and and and um

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the dexter were developed by canada and

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um the makers of that that device have

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actually applied it commercially to a

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brain assist brain surgery assist device

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now these guys can do doctors can do

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surgery on the brain in areas that you

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can't access otherwise you've got to get

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through an mri device some tumors are so

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hidden you can't see it unless it's in

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an mri the materials the decks the

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dexterity the textile function of this

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robotic brain surgery device allows

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surgery surgery to happen from across

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the room in an mri and patients dozens

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of patients have already been treated uh

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using this device

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bone loss bone loss has been a problem

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in space you know you either use it or

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lose it

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and in space there's not a lot of use

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because they're not walking around so we

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see a lot of bone mass loss

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but what we found over the years of

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space station research is trying out new

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techniques and we found that if we

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increase the astronauts vitamin d intake

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we increase and make sure they take all

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their calories and they use the new what

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you see here innovative resistive um

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advanced resistive exercise device or

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arid high load high impact then we've

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been able to maintain bone mineral

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density and that is a huge breakthrough

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for not just our astronauts but for

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those on the ground who

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are aging and are looking at facing

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potential osteoporosis take these things

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into consideration

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high load take your vitamin d increase

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vitamin d and eat all your calories we

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also see we also are able to use other

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what we call model organisms such as

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mice to look at changes in the bone

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density losses and maybe apply new

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medicines and treatments such as the

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company that produced the form of

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medicine called prolia it's used now in

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osteoporosis in treatment on the ground

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some of their work was done on space

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station to lead them to that kind of use

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so

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seeing from the bacteria that are on the

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space station that we send to

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microgravity some of these bacteria tend

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to become more virulent or more

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aggressive and then some you know some

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don't do anything but what we've seen in

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some cases such as salmonella is

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a model now that we can send these

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bacteria up to space expose them get

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them home and look at you know look at

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the genes that have made them more

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virulent in space what is it about the

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microgravity environment that could make

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them more aggressive and when we

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understand that we can apply it to

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vaccine development here on earth and

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that's just what we're doing we've

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discovered new ways to develop potential

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vaccines for those of us here on earth

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so we've also been able to through the

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15 years of space station research

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impact over 43 million students across

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the globe through programs such as

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youtube space lab and sphere xero

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robotics they're usually inquiry-based

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projects that allow students to be

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involved in human exploration

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through science technology engineering

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and math so you know this is our future

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and and there's something always ongoing

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with space station and students

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breast cancer treatment much like the um

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the brain surgery device now there's a

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breast tumor treatment device that is

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stems from the same craters of the

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canada robotic arm and now we can

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surgeons have been able to perform

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clinical trials of breast cancer remover

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within an mri environment so again just

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imagine doing surgery while the patient

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is actually inside an mri you can't do

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it with people you can do it with

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robotics that have the right dexterity

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and the right type of materials and

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that's what they're doing

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monitoring water quality from space this

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is a big one the hyperspectral imager

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for the coastal ocean or the hico was an

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imaging sensor on the space station that

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helped detect water quality parameters

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things like clarity water clarity

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phytoplankton concentration distribution

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of germs cyanobacteria in the water it

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was built by the the u.s naval research

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laboratory and put on station but then

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there was a partnership with the

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environmental protection agency that was

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able to take data from that instrument

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and apply it to now a smartphone

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application where now users can help

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determine places in where water's

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contaminated places you wouldn't want to

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go swimming in and now that we've got

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that kind of information it it's it's

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allows you know more access for people

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to get to clean places of clean water

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finally don't forget space station is an

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earth observation platform it can pop it

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can cover up to 90 percent of the

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earth's populations where we can monitor

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things like disasters such as floods and

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fires volcanic eruption deforestation

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the iserv project

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allowed us to do that in partnership

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with the u.s agency for international

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development so

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what what happens is we can get images

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from space station and we have and been

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able to disseminate them around from

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around the world not just automatic

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autonomously but with crew

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astronaut

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interference as well and allows us to do

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that so i mean that's just a tiny

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picture of everything that's been going

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on and just real quick in closing i mean

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15 years in the books what's what's the

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next 15 years of human research and

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human space flight research going to

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look like yeah i think the next 15 years

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of space station utilization is going to

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cover both you know more applications on

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earth and of course it's going to do

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what we need to do to advance us to

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explore beyond low earth orbit but the

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thing is it's going to take time science

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allows for science to be repeated and

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publications come through so we'll be

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seeing publications and results from

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space station come through over 15 years

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and beyond all right well very exciting

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again dr tara rutley one of the

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associate program scientists for the

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international space station thanks so

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much for joining me today it's a big day